An excellent article, from a company that wants in on co2 storage?What bullshit.
So if you develop a painful lump in your armpit you will go to medical journals instead of a Doctor who has done a 5 year degree then trained in a hospital for 3-5 years before becoming a GP and practised for whatever number of years? Good fucking luck with that.
Read journals and educate yourself??Let's test that out. Give us your understanding of this intro to a climate science academic paper:
1. Introduction
Climate change has been identified as one of the most significant global environmental issues due to the continuous increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions in recent years. Consequently, reducing atmospheric CO2 content has become a critical area of research within the international scientific community [1]. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology has emerged as a highly effective method for reducing significant CO2 emissions into the atmosphere [2]. One of the potential sites for large-scale CO2 storage is deep saline aquifers. This is because the rocks in saline aquifers are often permeable sandstones, and the depth of the reservoir allows CO2 to be maintained in a dense supercritical state. In these deep saline aquifers, supercritical CO2 can be permanently stored through structural, solubility, mineral, and residual trapping mechanisms [3].
The flow and distribution of CO2 in saline aquifers are highly complex processes influenced by reservoir characteristics, interactions between CO2 and brine, as well as flow and transport properties [4]. Relative permeability (RP) is an important basic parameter for predicting CO2 reserves in deep saline aquifers; it significantly affects the CO2 injection capacity and transportation capacity [5]. Currently, the primary method of obtaining RP is laboratory testing, usually using steady-state and unsteady-state methods [6].
Several studies have reported data on the CO2-brine RP in common sedimentary formations, including Berea sandstone, carbonate rocks, and other rock types [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. Most of these studies discussed the impacts of temperature, injection pressure, and porosity on RP. Apart from the aforementioned influencing factors, confining pressure (CP) is also an important parameter. Given that the stress state can influence the rock physical properties of the reservoir [22], studying the impact of alterations in CP on RP is essential. In previous studies, research efforts have explored the influence of CP on absolute permeability, and these studies typically arrive at consistent conclusions [23,24,25,26]. However, there is limited research focusing on RP, and the existing studies have presented conflicting conclusions regarding the impact of CP on RP.
Fatt [27] was the first to investigate the correlation between RP and CP in sandstone. There are no effects on non-wetting RP at all considering CP. Zhang et al. [28] employed the unsteady-state method and identified significant variations in gas–water two-phase RP curves under various CP conditions. With an increase in CP, the water RP experiences a significant decrease. Additionally, when the water saturation is below 80%, the gas RP exhibits a discernible increasing trend. Liu et al. [29], through experiments, demonstrated that with an increase in CP the gas RP increases while the water RP decreases. Lai and Miskimins [30] observed the influence of CP on the gas–water RP curve through experiments. With an increase in CP, the gas RP decreases significantly, whereas the water RP shows minimal change. Thomas and Ward [31] believed that the RP of both the gas and water phases would remain unaffected by changes in CP. It is evident that researchers hold varying opinions on the impact of CP on RP, and there are very limited studies on the effect of CP on CO2-brine RP. There are numerous factors influencing the RP of two-phase fluids, encompassing temperature, pressure, rock type, wettability, and interfacial tension [32,33,34]. Changes in CP can modify pore properties, wettability, and interfacial tension within rocks, thereby inducing notable correlations in the two-phase fluid flow characteristics and varying CPs [35,36]. Adenutsi et al. [37] and others conducted comparisons of NMR T2 spectra before and after applying CP, revealing a decrease in pore volume with increasing CP. This corresponding reduction in the local pore throat radius heightens the capillary resistance of the oil phase through the pores, resulting in a diminished RP of the oil phase as CP rises. Lei et al. [38] and Zhang et al. [28] applied fractal theory to investigate the pressure correlation with the RP. The pressure correlation was expounded by analyzing the relationship between fractal dimensions, pore radius ratios, wettability, and RP. Existing studies generally concentrate on a singular factor, and observing changes in pore properties, wettability, and interfacial tension in rocks is challenging. This results in a lack of clarity regarding the potential causes of changes in RP due to variations in CP. Therefore, in the absence of CO2-brine RP CP correlation data, it is imperative to conduct CO2-brine RP tests on cores under various CPs. This is crucial for enhancing our understanding of CO2 storage in saline aquifers, particularly in the geographical locations where the cores are obtained.
This article explores the influence of CP on the CO2-brine RP characteristics of sandstone in the Ordos Basin. Unsteady-state drainage experiments were performed in five sets under varying CP conditions (12, 14, 16, 18, 20 MPa). The ‘J.B.N’ method was employed to calculate CO2-brine RP. The study analyzed the impacts of CP on irreducible brine saturation, CO2 RP in the irreducible brine state, and CO2-brine RP curves. The results of the experiments provide necessary data support for numerical calculations of CO2 storage in saline aquifers
What it does highlight very well is its all about money
Are you saying big buisness and lobbyists don’t pay academics?
